Dear Dsath,
I don't buy your theory as well... I have given below an excerpts from the article PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES IN PRE-ISLAMIC INDUS VALLEY by --Dr. Tariq Rahman, Fulbright Visiting Fellow...

Beginning from Sir John Marshall, who was the first to suggest that the language of the Indus Civilization was Dravidian 17, most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously. Piero Meriggi, a scholar who contributed towards the decipherment of the Hittite hieroglyphs, opined that Brahvi, the Dravidian language spoken even now in part of Balochistan, must be the original Harappan language 18. However, Brahvi has changed so much and become so Balochified, as Elfenbein points out 19, that it cannot give clear evidence of any sort in this case. Another scholar, the Spanish Jesuit Henry Heras, 'turned more than 1,800 Indus texts into "Proto-Dravidian" sentences' 20 but his decipherment and linguistic theories were not accepted. Later Soviet scholars headed by Yurij V. Knorozov, carried on a very rigorous computer analysis of sign distribution in the Indus texts coming to the conclusion that it belonged to the Dravidian language family 21. However, Kamil Zvelebil, also a Russian scholar came to the conclusion that 'the Dravidian affinity of the Proto-Indian language remains only a very attractive and quite plausible hypothesis.22 Indeed, the plausibility of the hypothesis is such that many people, such as Iravatham Mahadevan, a scholar of old Tamil epigraphy, have used it to offer readings of the Indus script 23. F.C.Southworth and D.Mc Alpin used the Dravidian roots to reconstruct the language of the Indus Valley.24 Walter A. Fairservis, another specialist in this area, stated with considerable certainty that 'the Harappan language was basically an early Dravidian language'.25 Even Parpola, after much careful and detailed sifting of the evidence, opines 'that the Harappan language is most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family'.26

The following is the notes and references for the above article (exclusively for such doubters).

NOTES and REFERENCES


1. Called 'Indus Valley' by John Marshall .ed., Mohenjodaro and the Indus Valley Civilization i-iii (London, 1931), and 'Harappan' by Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric India (London: Pelican Books, 1950), p. 132.

2. John Marshall, Annual Report of the Archaelogical Survey of India 1923-24 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Govt. Printing, 1926), p. 47.

3. Ibid, pp. 47-48. See E.J.H. Mackay, Further Excavations at Mohenjodaro i & ii (Delhi, 1936); Marshall op. cit. 1931; Also see M.S. Vats, Excavations at Harappa 2 vols. (Delhi, 1940).

4. R.E.M. Wheeler, The Indus Civilization (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1968).

5. B.B.Lal & B.K.Thapar, 'Excavations at Kalibangan', Cultural Forum (Jul 1967), p. 79. A.Ghosh, An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology i-ii (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 94-95.

6. H.D.Sankalia, Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan 2nd ed. (Poona, 1974), pp. 384-385. For a brief survey of the excavations see B.K.Thapar, 'Six Decades of Indus Studies'. In B.B.Lal & S.P. Gupta (eds). Frontiers of the Indus Civilization (New Delhi: Indian Archaeological Society, 1984), pp. 1-25.

7. F.A.Khan, Excavations at Kot Diji (Karachi: Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Pakistan, 1965).

8. M. Rafique Mughal, 'New Archaeological Evidence from Bahawalpur'. In A.H.Dani (ed), Indus Valley: New Perspectives (Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University, 1981), pp. 33-42.

9. A.H.Dani, 'Excavations in the Gomal Valley', Ancient Pakistan Vol. V (1971), pp. 1-77.

10. F.A.Durrani, 'Indus Civilization: Evidence West of Indus'. In Dani 1981, op. cit. ,pp. 133-137.

11. Rafique Mughal, in Dani 1981, op. cit. p. 35.

12. Asko Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 21.

13. F.A.Khan, 'Kot Diji Culture -- its Greatness.' In Dani 1981, p. 20.

14. Durrani in Dani 1981, op. cit. p. 136.

15. For a good concordance of the texts see Indus Corpus of Texts in the Indus Script (Helsinki: Dept. of Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, Research Reports, 1, 1979). Also see K. Koskenniemi, Materials for the Study of the Indus Script, 1: A Concordance to the Indus Inscriptions (Helsinki: AASF, B 185, 1973). Some of these pictographs are given by Rasheed Akhtar Nadvi, Pakistan Ka Qadeem Rasmul Khat Aur Zaban [Urdu: Pakistan's Ancient Script and Language] (Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1995), pp. 52-153.

16. Parpola, op. cit.

17. J. Marshall, 'First Light on a Long-forgotten Civilization'. The Illustrated London News (20 Sept 1924). Reprinted L. Possehl (ed), Ancient Cities of the Indus (New Delhi, 1979), pp. 105-107.

18. Piero Meriggi, 'Zur Indus-Scrift' [German: On the Indus Script] Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesselschaft 87; No. 12 (1934), pp. 198-241.

19. J.H. Elfenbein, 'Baloci'. In Rudiger Schmitt (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarium (Wiesbaden, 1989), pp. 350-362 (p. 360).

20. Henry Heras, Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture, 1 (Bombay: Studies in Indian History of the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, 1953), p. 59.

21. Yu. V. Knorozov; M.F. Al' Bedil and B. Ya. Volchok, Proto-Indica: 1979. Report on the Investigation of the Proto-Indian Texts [English version] (Moscow, 1981).

22. Kamil Zvelebil quoted from Parpola, op. cit. p. 60.

23. Iravatham Mahadevan, 'Dravidian Models of Decipherment of the Indus Script: A Case Study', Tamil Civilization 4: 3-4; pp. 133-134.

24. David W. Mc Alpin, Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: the Evidence and its Implications (Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1981); F.C. Southworth, 'The Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asia Language Contact'. In E.H. Benedict (ed), The Uses of Linguistics (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, Annals 583, 1990).

25. Walter A. Fairservis, The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script (New Delhi, 1992).

26. Parpola, op. cit., p. 174.

27. Ainul Haq Faridkoti, Urdu Zaban ki Qadeem Tareekh [Urdu; The History of Ancient Urdu] (Lahore, 1972); Also see Faridkoti, Pre-Aryan Origins of the Pakistani Languages: A Monograph (Lahore: Orient Research Centre, 1992).

28. Tariq Rahman, Pakistani English (Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, 1991).

29. Bertil Tikkanen, 'On Burushaski and Other Ancient Substrata in North Western South Asia', Studia Orientalia [Helsinki] 64, pp. 303-325.

30. For a linguistic explanation see Tariq Rahman, 'Pakistani English: Some Phonological and Phonetic Features', World Englishes Vol. 10: No. 1 (1991), pp. 83-95.

31. Allchin, Bridget & Allchin, Raymond, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 301-303.

32. Parpola, op. cit., p. 168. Also see T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Language (London: Faber & Faber, 1973), p. 386.

33. Burrow, ibid, p. 386.

34. Parpola, op. cit., p. 24 & p. 26.

35. A.C.Woolner, 'The Rigveda and the Punjab'. In J.Bloch; J.Charpentier and R.L.Turner (eds), Indian Studies: Volume in Honour of Edward James Rapson (Delhi: Sri Satgura Publications, 1931), pp. 549-554.

36. Esa Itkonen, Universal History of Linguistics: India, China, Arabia, Europe (Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991), p. 6.

37. V.S.Agrawala, India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi (Lucknow: University of Lucknow, 1953), p. 37.

38. Itkonen, op. cit. p. 12.

39. J.F.Stall (ed),A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1972), pp. 11-17.

40. Itkonen, op. cit, p. 12.

41. Hans Henrik Hock, 'A Critical Examination of some Early Sanskrit Passages Alleged to Indicate Dialectical Diversity'. In Bela Brogyanyi & Reiner Lipp (eds), Comparative-Historical Linguistics: Indo-European and Finno-Ugric (Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993), p. 217.

42. Stall, op. cit., pp. 11-17.

43. Sumitra Mangesh Katre, Prakrit Languages and Their Contribution to Indian Culture (Poona: Deccan College, Post-Graduate and Research Institute, 1964), p. 2.

44. George Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India Vol.1, Part. 1: Introductory Ist ed. 1927 (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1967), pp. 121-126.

45. A.H.Dani, The Historic City of Taxila (Paris: UNESCO, 1986), pp. 38-39. Taxila was excavated by Sir John Marshall. See his Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas and Monastries at Jaulian (New Delhi: Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 7; 1921).

46. Ibid, p. 35.

47. Yu. V.Gankovsky, The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History .Trans. from the Russian by Igor Gavrilov (Lahore: Peoples' Publishing House, 1964), p. 54.

48. S.Konow, 'Note on the Ancient North-Western Prakrit', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. VIII: Pts. 2-3 (1936), pp. 503-612.

49. Gankovsky, op. cit., p. 58.

50. Katre, op. cit. , p. 33.

51. C.C.Das Gupta, The Development of Kharoshthi Script (Calcutta: Firma K.L.Mukhopadhyay, 1958), p. 33.

52. G. Pugliese Carratelli & G.Garbini, A Bilingual Graeco-Armaic Edict of Asoka (Roma: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed estremo Oriente, 1964), p. 12.

53. Giovanni Garbini, 'The Armaic Section of the Kandahar inscription', ibid, p.61.

54. Gankovsky, op. cit., p. 70.

55. A.H.Dani, Kharoshthi Primer (Lahore: Lahore Museum, 1979).

56. D.C.Sirkar, Inscriptions of Asoka (New Delhi: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1957. Rev. ed. , 1967), p. 29.

57. Gupta, Kharoshthi op. cit. p. v.

58. George Woodcock, The Greeks in India (London: Faber & Faber, 1966), p. 23.

59. Agrawala, Panini op. cit. ,p. 466.

60. Woodcock, op. cit. , p. 97.

61. Ibid, p. 107.

62. Ibid, p. 88.

63. Ibid, p. 130.

64. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, The Sakas in India (Santiniketan, Visva Bharati, 1955. 2nd. ed. 1967), p. 8 & p. 31.

65. Ibid, p. 72.

66. Woodcock, op. cit. p. 144.

67. Chattopadhyaya, op. cit., p. 87.

68. Ibid, p. 70.

69. ibid, pp. 70-72.

70. Dani, Taxila, op. cit. pp. 74-75.

71. Samuel Beal, Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629) (1884. Repr. 2 vols. in 1; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1969), p. C.

72. Sung Yun calls the king 'Lae-Lih and says he 'loved to worship demons', Ibid, p. C. Dani identifies him with Mihirakula who worshipped Siva in his book Taxila, p. 76.

73. Dani, Taxila, p. 78.

74. Chach Nama: Tarikh-i Hind wa Sind Eng. trans. Elliot, H.M & Dowson, J. , The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period Vol. 1 (London: Trubner & Co., 1867. New York: Ams Press, Inc, 1966), pp. 138-211.

75. See Elliot & Dowson, Vol. 2. Also see Al-Badaoni, Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh .trans. from Persian by George Ranking. Vol. 1 (Delhi: Dairah-i-Adabiyat-i-Dilli, 1898. Repr. 1973). Also see Mohammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-e-Firishta .trans. from Persian to Urdu by Abdul Hai Khwaja (Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali & Sons, n.d).

76. B.D.Mirchandani, 'Ancient Sindhu and Sauvira', Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers (Bombay: S.M.Gulrajans, n.d), p. 31. Also see D.C.Sircar, Cosmography and Geography in early Indian Literature (Calcutta: Indian Studies, 1967), pp. 73-74.

77. A.H.Dani, 'Sindhu-Sauvira: A Glimpse Into the early History of Sind'. In Hameeda Khuhro (ed), Sind Through the Centuries (Karachi: Oxford Univesity Press, 1981), pp. 35-42.

78. Ali A.Jafarey, 'Sindh and the Sindhis in the Early Aryan Age'. In Khuhro, ibid, pp. 64-70.

79. Ibn Khurdaba, Kitabul Masalik wa-l Mamalik; Al-Masudi, Muruj ul Zahab in Elliot & Dowson, Vol. 1, p. 14 & p.19.

80. Rashid ud Din, Jami ut Tawarikh in ibid, p. 45.

81. Beal, op. cit. p. 117; pp. 136-137 & p. 143.

82. H.C.Ray, The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Medieval Period) (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1931-36. 2nd. ed. 1973), Vol. 1, p. 84.

83. Ibid, p. 180.

84. Al-Badaoni, op. cit. p. 26.

85. Ibid, pp. 51-55.

86. Ibid, p. 95.

87. Ibid, p. 95, f.n. 6.

88. E.M.Reinaud in Elliot & Dowson, Vol. 1, op. cit. p. 100.

89. Al-Masudi, Murujul Zahab in ibid, p. 24

90. Ibn Haukal, Ishkalu-l Bilad or the Kitabu-l Masalik wa-l Mamalik in ibid, p. 39.

91. Grierson, ibid, p. 125.

92. Ibid, p. 125.

93. ibid, p. 125.

94. R.L.Turner, 'The Sindhi Recursives' Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies Vol. III; Part II (1924), pp. 301-315 (p. 315)..

95. John G. Bordie, 'An Inquiry into the Glotto-Chronology of Sindhi Phonology'. In Khuhro, op. cit. pp. 270-280 (p. 277).

96. Grierson, op. cit. p. 126.

97. Ibid, p. 1. Abul Fazal, Ain-e-Akbari [Urdu] trans. from the Persian by Fida Ali. Vol. 1, Part 2 (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, n.d), pp. 1036-1037.

98. Gankovsky, op. cit. p. 130.

99. Ibn Hauqal, Kitab al-Musalik wal Mamalik. In Elliot & Dowson Vol. 1, op. cit. p. 32-33.

100. Gankovsky, op. cit. p. 147.